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Arsinoe IV of Egypt
Arsinoë IV (Greek: , betw. 65 and 58 BC – 41 BC) was the youngest daughter of Ptolemy XII Auletes and queen and co-ruler of Egypt from 48 BC-47 BC, making her one of the last members of the Ptolemaic dynasty of ancient Egypt. Arsinoe IV was the half-sister of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII, sharing a father, but having a different mother.〔http://www.kingtutone.com/queens/cleopatra/idea/〕〔The lives of Cleopatra and Octavia, By Sarah Fielding, Christopher D. Johnson〕〔http://books.google.com/books?id=cPgR2mW2OuEC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=%2Bcleopatra,+%2B%22half+sister%22,+%2B%22Dio+Cassius%22,+%2Barsinoe&source=bl&ots=3Y-CKLNs88&sig=oB2xbb9viAuPbzJNNKw6ivsQa5I&hl=en&ei=tBTfSYLCIIPu7AOI_oWQDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10〕〔http://www.egyptvoyager.com/features_womeninancientegypt_cleopatra.htm〕
==History==
When Ptolemy XII died in 51 BC, he left his children, Ptolemy and Cleopatra, as joint rulers of Egypt, but her brother soon dethroned Cleopatra and forced her to flee from Alexandria. When Julius Caesar arrived in Alexandria in 48 BC and sided with Cleopatra's faction, Arsinoë escaped from the capital with her mentor, the eunuch Ganymedes, and joined the Egyptian army which, under Achillas, was besieging Alexandria. Achillas then assumed the title of pharaoh. When Achillas and Ganymedes clashed, Arsinoë had Achillas executed and Ganymedes placed in command of the army.〔Julius Caesar, ''Commentarii de Bello Civili'' 3.112.10-12; ''De Bello Alexandrino'' 4; Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'' 42.39.1-2; 42.40.1; Lucan, ''Pharsalia'' 10.519-523〕 Ganymedes initially enjoyed some success against the Romans, but the leading Egyptian officers were soon dissatisfied with him. Under a pretext of wanting peace, they negotiated with Caesar to exchange Arsinoë for Ptolemy XIII, who was subsequently released.〔''De Bello Alexandrino'' 23-24 and, with some deviations, Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'' 42.42〕 However, Ptolemy continued the war until the Romans received reinforcements and inflicted a decisive defeat upon the Egyptians.
Captive, Arsinoe was then transported to Rome, where in 46 BC she was forced to appear in Caesar's triumph.〔Cassius Dio, ''Roman History'' 43.19.2-3; Appian, ''Civil Wars'' 2.101.420〕 Despite the custom of strangling prominent prisoners in triumphs when the festivities were at an end, Caesar was pressured to spare Arsinoe and granted her sanctuary at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus. Arsinoe lived in the temple for a few years, always keeping a watchful eye on her sister Cleopatra, who perceived Arsinoe as a threat to her power. In 41 BC, at Cleopatra's instigation, Mark Antony ordered Arsinoë executed on the steps of the temple, a gross violation of the temple sanctuary and an act which scandalised Rome.〔BBC One documentary, (''Cleopatra: Portrait of a Killer'' )〕 The eunuch priest (''Megabyzos'') who had welcomed Arsinoë on her arrival at the temple as ''Queen'' was only pardoned when an embassy from Ephesus made a petition to Cleopatra.〔Josephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'' 15.89; Josephus, ''Contra Apion'' 2.57; inaccurate Appian, ''Civil Wars'' 5.9.34-36 and Cassius Dio ''Roman History'' 48.24.2〕
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